Espresso 101: The Essential Tools, Terms, and Techniques You Need to Know to Become a Home Barista

建立一个家可以胁迫一意式咖啡吧side from figuring out which machine and grinder to buy, there’s a bevy of other espresso tools that help pull a great shot. And then there’s the technique—good equipment doesn’t automatically make good coffee. To help you navigate making espresso at home, we put together an espresso 101 guide with helpful things you need to know, like what gear to buy, what some technical-sounding terms mean, answers to typical espresso-related questions, and how to pull a shot step-by-step.

Editor's Picks: Some Excellent Espresso Gear

• The Best Espresso Machine:Breville婴孩+
• The Best Budget Espresso Grinder:Baratza Encore ESP
• The Best Espresso Machine With a Built-in Grinder:Breville Barista Express Impress
• The Best Budget Coffee Scale:OXO Brew Precision Coffee Scale
• A Great Measuring Cup for Espresso Volume:OXO Mini Angled Measuring Cup
• The Best Countertop Kitchen Timer:OXO Good Grips Triple Timer
• A Handy Cup For Catching Espresso Grounds:Crema Coffee Products Dosing Cup
• A Precision Filter Basket:IMS Precision 18g Espresso Filter Basket
• A Multi-Purpose Distribution Tool/Tamper:Crema Coffee Products Coffee Distributor and Hand Tamper
• The Best Knockbox:homeffect Knockbox
• A Set Of Espresso Towels:CAFEMASY Barista Towels
• A Great Milk Steaming Pitcher:Saiveina Milk Frothing Pitcher
• A Nice Set of Demitasse Cups:notNeutral Lino Espresso Gift Set

A Quick Glossary of Machine Terms

Espresso machines have a lot of unique parts, and knowing what they are and how they work is extremely helpful when learning how to make espresso.

• Boiler:The part inside the espresso machine that heats the water for brewing and steaming. Some machines have separate boilers for each task, which allows you to pull shots and steam milk at the same time.
• PID:Short for “proportional integral derivative,” the PID is a control box that uses an algorithm to maintain precise temperature control. Not every espresso machine has one. Models like theBreville婴孩+andBreville Barista Express Impress(a couple favorites from ourespresso machine review) do.
• Pump:This builds pressure to send water from the boiler through the coffee.
• 集团负责人:Where the water exits the machine into the coffee. It houses the dispersion screen (see below) and is where the portafilter locks into.
• Dispersion Screen:A mesh filter screen that turns the powerful water jet in the grouphead into a shower that saturates the coffee evenly.
• Portafilter:Short for “portable filter,” it’s the handle that holds the filter basket; it twists to lock into the grouphead.
• Filter Basket:A metal basket with holes that acts as the coffee filter. There are a number of different sizes of filters available—single espresso baskets hold seven grams of coffee, double filter baskets hold anywhere from 14 to 20 grams of coffee, and triple espresso baskets hold 22 to 24 grams of coffee. The most common size in the US is an 18-gram double espresso filter basket. Machines also use different diameters of filter baskets. Be sure to double check if your machine uses a 54-millimeter basket or a 58-millimeter basket.

A Quick Glossary of Espresso Technique Terms

Aside from specific equipment terms, there is also technical jargon that baristas use to describe steps of the shot pulling process.

• Dialing In:The process of adjusting the fineness of the grinder to reach the ideal espresso shot time.
• Dose:Portioning the desired amount of coffee into your filter basket—it can be used as a noun (“I used an 18 gram dose”) or a verb (“I dosed 18 grams into the basket”).
• Distribute:Spreading the coffee evenly throughout the filter basket.
• Tamp:Compressing the coffee into a tight puck using a tamper, so that the pressurized water moves through it evenly. The ideal tamping pressure is around 30 to 40 pounds of force, but the goal is to compact the coffee fully (and you can’t really tamp too hard).
• Purge:Running some water through the dispersion screen to clean it after the previous espresso shot. This prevents old coffee oils and particles from tainting a fresh shot you’re about to pull.
• Pull:Taken from the days where baristas literally pulled down a spring-driven lever, pulling a shot these days means inserting the portafilter with a prepared espresso puck into the grouphead, and pressing the button to start the shot.
• Steam Milk:The process of using the steam wand to aerate and heat milk, creating milk foam for drinks like a cappuccino or a latte. Sometimes this is also referred to as foaming milk, or frothing milk.

How Do Espresso Machines Work?

咖啡是一个酝酿过程,使用增压d water to extract a very concentrated version of coffee from extremely fine coffee grounds. The boiler heats the water, and when you press the start button, the pump forces water from the boiler to the grouphead where it’s turned into a shower by the dispersion screen. That shower then saturates the coffee puck and extracts an espresso shot through the filter basket and into your cup.

The Best Espresso Machines and Tools

Breville婴孩+Espresso Machine

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The brewing process is very fast—around 25 to 30 seconds—and the result is around eight to 10 times stronger than standard drip coffee. Mostespresso machinesalso have a steam wand that can aerate and heat milk, too, opening up the possibility of lattes, cappuccinos, flat whites, and other milk drinks.

Do I Need A Separate Grinder for Espresso?

You don’t necessarily need a separateespresso grinder, but you do need a grinder that’s capable of grinding fine enough for espresso. Most burr grinders are better at making coarse grinds, like those for drip, pourover, and French press preparations. A designated espresso grinder is often better at reaching the fine grind levels needed to pull a good shot. Some espresso grinders—like theBaratza Encore ESP—are also designed to handle coarser drip ranges, too.

The Best Espresso Machine With a Built-in Grinder

Breville Barista Express Impress

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If you're not interested in buying a separate grinder and machine, there machines with a built-in grinder like theBreville Barista Express Impress．While we typically shy away with coffee makers with built-in grinders, the Barista Express Impress also has an automatic dosing system with a built-in assisted tamping lever, streamlining the whole shot pulling process.

Consider Weighing Your Coffee

Espresso is all about precision—a 0.5-gram difference in the amount of coffee you use can dramatically affect the flavor of your shot, as well as how fast the shot pulls. We recommend using acoffee scale能阅读0.1克确保剂量stays consistent.

The Best Budget Coffee Scale

OXO BREW Precision Scale with Timer

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And while a double espresso is around two ounces of volume, that volume also depends on how thick the crema is: fresher coffee will have a thicker crema that makes the espresso shot look more voluminous than it actually is. We also recommend weighing your espresso shots for a more accurate coffee to water ratio (usually one part coffee to two parts water). Weight-based ratios give you accuracy and consistency, and let you focus more on adjusting the grind size based on time. If weighing your espresso shots isn’t practical for your workflow, we recommend getting a shot glass with milliliter markings, like theOXO Mini Angled Measuring Cup, since a milliliter of liquid is pretty much equal to a gram.

A Quick Note On Espresso Filter Baskets

The amount of coffee you should dose depends on the size of the basket you’re using, and we recommendswapping out your filter basketfor a precision model with a clearly labeled 18-gram capacity. These precision baskets have straight sides and larger holes than standard baskets, and are better calibrated for great tasting espresso. However, machines have different filter basket diameters—Breville machines use a 54-millimeter portafilter, while theGaggia Classic Pro(another ofour favorites) uses a 58-millimeter portafilter. TheIMS Precision 18g Espresso Filter Basketis a great pick for 54-millimeter portafilters, but if you have a 58-millimeter portafilter, theVST 18-gram Ridged Espresso Filter Basketis the way to go.

Why You Should Time Your Shots

Espresso Weight and Time: Some Quick Numbers
Basket Size	Starting Dose Weight	Espresso Weight	Espresso Volume	Shot Time
18-gram Double Espresso Basket	18.0 to 18.4 grams	36 to 40 grams	2 ounces with crema, 36 to 40 milliliters of liquid	25 to 30 seconds

Once you have a consistent brew ratio, the next step is calibrating your grinder. Because espresso requires such a fine grind, however, the only way to dial-in your grinder just right is by usinga timer．将水和酸枪,跑的太快,and shots that take too long to pull will be bitter and oily. Making the grind finer will slow down your espresso flow, and coarsening the grind will speed it up. We suggest making adjustments until you shot pulls between 25 to 30 seconds, which is a great starting point for a sweet and balanced espresso.

How To Pull an Espresso Shot

There are a few important steps to consider when pulling a shot of espresso, which you can turn into a routine to pull great shots every time. Note: leave your portafilter in the grouphead while the machine is heating up, so it doesn’t pull temperature from the water while brewing.

1. Remove the portafilter from the grouphead and wipe it clean and dry. This gets rid of any old coffee and leftover moisture, which can cause the freshly ground coffee to clump.
2. Weigh out your coffee and dose your coffee either intoa dosing cupor directly into the filter basket from your espresso grinder.
3. Distribute the coffee evenly, so that there are no prominent mounds.
4. Tamp your coffee level, so that the pressurized water moves evenly through it.
5. Purge some water from the grouphead directly into the drip tray, so that any old coffee is rinsed from the dispersion screen.
6. Insert the portafilter, and start pulling the shot right away while setting a timer. Leaving a tamped coffee puck in the machine for more than three seconds can start to cook the coffee due to the heat and moisture in the grouphead.
7. Stop the espresso shot when you’ve reached your desired volume, then remove the portafilter, knock out the spent espresso puck into the knockbox, and rinse the filter basket before reinserting the portafilter.
8. Enjoy your espresso! You’ve earned it!

Some Milk Steaming Advice

Steaming milk involves adding air to create foam while also heating the milk to make it taste sweeter. Anytime the tip of the steam wand is at the surface of the milk, the pressure will inject air bubbles that create foam. When the tip is below the milk surface, the steam pressure will mix the foam into a silkier texture while heating the milk. Ideally, you want to start with your steam wand just off-center to create a vortex, and agood milk pitcherwill have tall, straight walls to help the milk swirl evenly in the pitcher.

Macchiato, Cappuccino, and Latte Size Guidance
Drink Name	Cup Size	Foam Volume	Volume Increase While Steaming
Macchiato	3 ounces	0.5 centimeters	20-30%
Cappuccino	5.5 ounces	1.5 centimeters	30-40%
Latte	8 to 12 ounces	0.5 centimeters	15%

Just remember: the longer the tip is at the surface of the milk, the more foam the steam wand will create. If you’re looking to make a cappuccino, you should leave let the milk aerate until it grows about 30-40% in size before submerging the tip, but if you’re aiming for a latte, you only need around 15% volume growth.

Expensive Equipment Doesn’t Automatically Make Better Espresso

Home espresso setups can run up to $10,000, but they don’t guarantee amazing espresso. The general rule of thumb is that pricier gear can help streamline the process, but for most people, the combo we recommend of aBreville婴孩+and aBaratza Encore ESPis enough. Just remember: making espresso is a process and it requires practice to see the results you want. While we hope this guide is a helpful starting point, many coffee roasters offer classes for hands-on instruction, too.

FAQs

What tools do you need to make an espresso?

Pulling a shot of espresso requires an espresso machine, an espresso grinder, a tamper, and a cup or shot glass to pull the shot into. We also recommend a scale and a timer for precise measurements, which help with quality and consistency. While they’re not necessary, we think a knock box, a dosing cup, and a set of barista cloths are great for keeping your counters clean, and if you want to get picky with your shots, a precision filter basket can help you pull better tasting espresso.

Can you tamp espresso too hard?

The short answer is: no, you can’t tamp too hard. Loose coffee compacts fully around 35 pounds of pressure, but after that, the coffee can’t really compact much further. It’s better to tamp with your body weight every single time so that your espresso puck is consistent.

What’s the best grind size for espresso?

Espresso requires an extremely fine grind, and there’s no way to tell the difference between different grind sizes in the espresso range without pulling a shot. When you pull a shot, a finer grind will slow down the flow of the espresso, while a coarser grind will speed the shot up. The best way to measure the correct grind size for espresso is by timing your shots—in general an espresso shot that finishes between 25 and 30 seconds will be the right grind size.

How do you tamp perfectly?

Level tamping is important for the pressurized water to work through the espresso puck evenly, and the easiest way to make sure your tamper is level is to buy apush-style tamper．This style of tamper will level itself against the lip of the filter basket, and then all you have to do is push downwards with your palm to get a level tamp. With a regular tamper, try inverting your elbow so it forms a 90-degree angle, let the weight of the tamper settle the coffee, and then lean in from your shoulder keeping your wrist straight. This will take the pressure off your wrist (and help prevent repetitive motion injury) while also achieving a more level espresso puck.

Do espresso distribution tools work?

Espresso distribution tools are a great way to even out the surface of your espresso puck before tamping. They’re effective at pushing coffee around to the corners of the basket, so that when you tamp, the espresso puck has an even density throughout.